Regency Rosewood Sofa Table - A Sheraton Mahogany Pembroke Table

Pembroke tables are said to be named after the Countess of Pembroke who first gave orders for one of them. It seems they first appeared about 1750 and were generally made in mahogany. They do not seem to have
really caugla on until after 1780, when they were made with square tapering legs and followed Hepplewhite or Sheraton designs. The flaps on either side are supported by hinged wooden brackets. A drawer is usually
to be found opening at one end while a mock drawer is put at the other to give design balance.
Sofa tables are similar except that the flaps are at the ends of the table instead of the sides. Sheraton referred to the normal dimensions as being `between five and six feet long and from twenty-two inches to two feet broad!’ The most serviceable type have two drawers and they were frequently used to write, draw or read upon.
1. Top Surface. The condition, patina and figuring of the top surface is very important. The more perfect and decorative the top surface, the more the  rating will apply. Exotic inlays and cross-banding in satinwood,
zebrawood or other prized veneers usually constitute  factors.
2. Structural Condition. Due to their rather elegant but more fragile construction, large numbers of Pembroke tables on the market have been damaged at Borne time or another. Usually it is a leg joint or loss of a caster
which causes the trouble. The rule joints to the flaps should be examined for patching because these tend to be damaged in the same way as those on gate-leg tables. Prices shown assume sound structural condition.
3. Legs. Design and proportion of legs is important. On Pembroke tables, cross-banding of the square tapering legs can constitute a  factor.
4 Drawers. A Pembroke table without a drawer  we illustrate one — is considered a severe disadvantage from a value point of view.
A Thomas Sheraton mahogany Pembroke table, the top cross-banded with herringbone bands of kingwood, with a rising ‘Harlequin’ section with a fall-front inlaid with ribboned festoons of flowers in scorched and green fruitwood, in the manner of Pierre Langlois, the frieze with a drawer either side and simulated drawers, on square tapering panelled legs.
The design for this ‘Harlequin Pembroke Table’ was published by Thomas Sheraton as plate LVI in his ‘Drawing Book’ (1791-94). In his notes he describes such table as “serving not only as a breakfast, but also as a writing table, very suitable for a lady. It is termed a Harlequin Table for no other reason but because, in exhibitions of that sort, there is generally a great deal of machinery introduced in the scenery”. This type was also illustrated in Hepplewhite’s Guide .
This table is of further interest in that the ’till’ is inlaid with a floral garland, knotted with a ribbon-tie, in a marquetry of many woods. This is reminiscent of the highly distinctive style of inlay favoured by the emigrant French ebeniste, Pierre Langlois.
A country mahogany Pembroke table, c.1780, in heavy Cuban wood and with no drawer. The square chamfered legs owe more to the Chippendale influence than the tapering variety normally associated with this type of table. A simple and pleasing version.
The example above of c.1790 date is perhaps one of the finest of the fine: in satinwood, with marquetry inlaid, and cross-banded with rosewood. It is on square tapering collared legs and the marquetry inlay consists of urns and naturallistic festoons of flowers.
Good quality Pembroke table in mahogany with cross-banded top edge, c.1790. The tapering legs end in elegant brass casters.
Value Points: Cross banding of top  Circular or oval shape
A Sheraton mahogany Pembroke table of c.1810, The square tapering iegs have given way to the centre pedestal, the pillar of which is fluted. The four sabre style legs which support the platform at the pillar base have typical later Georgian and Regency brass casters of decorative style. The
top is veneered in highly figured mahogany and cross-banded with satinwood, which is used for the inlaid decoration also.
A rather broad mahogany Pembroke table with slightly tapering legs of c.1790. The solid top is of a particularly finely figured wood and there is a broad boxwood stringing line under the cock-beaded drawer which is continued across the leg.
A fine quality late eighteenth century  c.1790  sofa table in mahogany and satinwood. The end supports, curving elegantly out from the vertical to end in brass casters, are particularly noteworthy.
Regency sofa table, c.1810, in mahogany with lyre-shaped end supports. The top edge is moulded as well as cross-banded.
Note. The existence or hint of the lyre motif in any form inexplicably pushes prices to the top of the range.
Mahogany sofa table of later Georgian period, c.1800. The reeded curved legs on the end supports terminate in brass paw casters.
Regency sofa table with gadrooned top edge, c.1820. The curving splayed legs on the end supports are reeded.
The sofa table above is of c.1805 date and has brass mounts and stringing. The inward curving legs are reeded. Rosewood and zebrawood were used for higher quality examples as well as mahogany. The addition of brass stringing or more detailed inlay in brass adds considerably to value.
Exotic woods and inlays …
Sofa table of slightly later date c.1810 with turned supports in conjunction with inward curving legs. This form of centre support is to be found on card and other tables of the period and is never valued as highly as the end-supported type.
Regency rosewood sofa table, c.1820, the top and flaps cross-banded in satinwood. The stringing which can be seen round the drawer fronts is of brass, and brass stringing is also used on the top and in the unusual
curving support and base. The table when extended is five feet long. The semi-elliptical support under the top is highly valued by dealers.
A library or writing table of c.1820 with turned legs on casters. The three drawers are cock-beaded and the handles are typical of those used from 1780 onwards. In this case the top is solid mahogany, but leather tops are also common.
Regency rosewood library or rent table, c.1810, with octagonal revolving top inset with tooled leather. The inlaid stringing lines are of brass.
A Victorian library table of c.1850 with a leather top. The table is of oak, with drawers at each end and false drawers in the frieze at the sides. The cabriole legs are carved with flower decoration at the knee and leaf
decoration at the foot. Similar tables for library and writing use are made in mahogany or walnut.

Mahogany Pembroke Table - Mahogany Writing Table - Regency Period Dining Table - Mahogany Library Table

A Thomas Sheraton mahogany Pembroke table, the top cross banded with herringbone bands of kingwood, with a rising ‘Harlequin’ section with a fall-front inlaid with ribboned festoons of flowers in scorched and green fruitwood, in the manner of Pierre Langlois, the frieze with a drawer either side and simulated drawers, on square tapering panelled legs.
The design for this ‘Harlequin Pembroke Table’ was published by Thomas Sheraton as plate LVI in his ‘Drawing Book’ (1791-94). In his notes he describes such table as “serving not only as a breakfast, but also as a writing table, very suitable for a lady. It is termed a Harlequin Table, for no other reason but because, in exhibitions of that sort, there is generally a great deal of machinery introduced in the scenery”. This type was also illustrated in Hepplewhite’s Guide.
This table is of further interest in that the ’till’ is inlaid with a floral garland, knotted with a ribbon-tie, in a marquetry of many woods. This is reminiscent of the highly distinctive style of inlay favoured by the emigrant French ebeniste, Pierre Langlois.
A Sheraton mahogany Pembroke table of c. 1810, The square tapering legs have given way to the centre pedestal, the pillar of which is fluted. The four sabre style legs which support the platform at the pillar base have typical later Georgian and Regency brass casters of decorative style. The top is veneered in highly figured mahogany and cross banded with satinwood, which is used for the inlaid decoration also.
Value points: Inlaid decoration of high quality
Good quality Pembroke table in mahogany with cross banded top edge. The tapering legs end in elegant brass casters.
Value points: Cross banding of top  Circular or oval shape
Later Georgian period mahogany writing table on turned legs with casters beneath.
A fine quality late 18th century sofa table in mahogany and satinwood. The end supports, curving elegantly out from the vertical to end in brass casters, are particularly noteworthy.
Regency period dining table in mahogany on two turned columns each supported by three curved legs. The shaping of the turning on the columns suggests a later part of the period, as do the legs, but the top is reeded round the edge and light in appearance.
Elegance of columns  Lightness of design  Seating capacity 4  6  8  12
Sofa tables are similar to the Pembroke table with the exception that the extending flaps are at the end instead of the sides. They seem to have become popular at about the same time as the Pembroke. The normal dimensions, referred to by Sheraton, “are generally between five and six feet long and from 22 inches to two feet broad”. The most serviceable type have two drawers and they were frequently used to write, draw or read upon. A variety of designs were used.
The example above is of c. 1805 date and has brass mounts and stringing. The inward curving legs are reeded. Rosewood and zebra wood were used for the higher quality examples as well as mahogany. The addition of brass stringing or more detailed inlay in brass adds considerably to value.
Value points: Exotic woods and inlays
A Regency period dining table on two columns, again each supported by three elegantly curved legs. The apron frieze under the two end sections tends to add weight to the overall effect and breaks the line.
Value points: Elegance of columns  Lightness of design  Seating capacity 4  6  8  12
Mahogany Sofa Table of later Georgian period. The reeded curved legs on the end supports terminate in brass paw casters.
Regency sofa table in mahogany with lyre-shaped end supports. The top edge is moulded as well as cross banded.
Note. The existence or hint of the lyre motif in any form inexplicably pushes prices to the top of the range.
Regency mahogany library or writing table. A derivation in some ways of the sofa table. The end supports show in their design the influence of the lyre motif.
Regency sofa table with gadrooned top edge. The curving splayed legs on the send supports are reeded.
Sofa Table of slightly later date c. 1810 with turned supports in conjunction with inward curving legs. This form of centre support is to be found on card and other tables of the period.
Regency period breakfast table in mahogany, cross banded with kingwood. The octagonal column is on a platform supported by unusual curved and shaped legs ending in brass paw casters. The spur shape on the knee of the legs is particularly unpleasant.
Value points: Seating capacity 6  8 …
Regency rosewood sofa table ,the top and flaps cross banded in satinwood. The stringing which can be seen round the drawer fronts is of brass, and brass stringing is also used on the top and in the unusual curving
support and base. The table when extended is five feet long.
Regency period mahogany card table on turned centre column. The hinged folding top pivots on the frame which forms the frieze to provide support when open.
Regency mahogany library or ‘rent’ table with leather-covered top. A type introduced in George III’s reign which Was made on into the 19th century, sometimes with an octagonal top. Used sometimes on estates where the relevant documents were kept in the drawers; hence the popular term ‘rent table’.
A Regency rosewood and Coromandel console table with marble top. Originally made to accompany pier glasses, console tables were made uniquely for side use and in the early 18th century types were of highly
baroque decoration. The classical revival of the later 18th century produced console and side tables of prevailing fashions and both Sheraton and Hepplewhite illustrated examples. They were largely for the decoration of more important houses.

TABLES  smallish tripod and quadripod, 1800-1850
At first antique tripod tables followed the same form as the larger single tables but, with the inventiveness of the Regency period, individual designs emerged. The Victorians produced small Victorian tripod tables with four small legs which strictly speaking do not belong in the same section but which, for the sake of convenience, have been included.
A more decorative treatment of the same basic design Sweeps to the top and bottom of the legs are emphasised with applied brass rosettes. The stem is tapered and ringed, the top has a rim. Value is enhanced by the fact that the height is adjustable. Anything which moves, adjusts or can be fiddled with seems to command a premium. c. 1815
A turn of the century mahogany table, showing plain classical elegance. The legs have a clean simple curve and the stem is decorated with spiral reeding. The top is cross-banded in satinwood. c. 1800
If you look at page  you will notice that many high quality ‘hairy feet’ have wings or spurs at the back and one can see that they provide a good balance by supporting the base over a reasonable area, instead of
looking as though they were screwed on at the end. This is a well-thought-out mahogany design, the sturdiness of which is justified by the heavy marble top. c. 1825
A novel little four-legged table note its quality and the scroll behind the hairy feet. Curious that the carved Chippendale vase is retained on the centre column. The flaps have well-matched veneers which meet when the table is in the erected position, giving a fine effect. One of the best of its sort.
It really is hard to be charitable about this horrible little table. Loudon
(1833) had the same problem about a fairly revolting sofa table of the period. “The justness of this criticism will appear more obvious, by applying it to the table… which has two supports more highly enriched by
carving than those of any of the other pieces and yet has a plain top. This is in bad taste and ought not, in a work like the present, to be passed over without notice.” Quite right. Not only is the top plain but out of
proportion to the base and the decoration seems mindless. c.1830
Loudon would approve this design because both top and bottom have ,enrichments’, but he might, like the present writer, be happier with it if the two sets of beading had been more of a size. c.1830
A conventional papier mache floral and gilt, with mother-of-pearl inlay, tilt-top table. Well decorated and elegant with the shape of the top helping to create an interesting piece. A good compact pedestal. c. 1840
Typical small mahogany tripod table of the period. Commercially not desirable. Not enough decoration for the Continental buyer and too small for a cheap dining table. Same design still offered by Light in 1881. 1830-1850
The use of iron was an obvious method of obtaining the maximum decoration as cheaply as possible. Once the mould was made presumably any number could be cast. Again the quality of painting is important. The
price in this case is helped because the painting is topographical  shipping on the Clyde. c. 1850
A good papier mache table with a delightful hop harvest scene painted on the top. If one can discover the artist or if it is by Jennens and Bettridge then the value will be more than quoted. c. 1850
Made over a considerable period of time, a form of simple table which was produced in huge quantities. The baluster-shaped turning on the pedestal is competent but attempts too much. Basically 1830s

TABLES  sofa, vertical supports and stretchers
The sofa table is a variation which was evolved from the Pembroke table and gets its name from its intended application, namely, to stand against a sofa. It is therefore long and thin with flaps at the end, whereas the Pembroke is squarer in shape, and so popular did it become that it gradually superseded the Pembroke. Although considered a typical piece of Regency furniture, the sofa table did in fact become popular at the end of the eighteenth century.
There are two distinct types, first those supported each end by a vertical member  or end standard as it is called  in a variety of forms and secondly, those with a central pillared support standing on a flat base which in turn rests on feet. The pillared support can of course vary considerably.
A high quality mahogany table, with satinwood cross-banding and satinwood veneered legs and cross-stretchers. The legs sweep out naturally from the end standards. There are false drawer fronts on the far side. The piece shows the late-Georgian restraint one associates with pre-Regency designs.
c. 1790The early Regency has set in, but with equivalent quality and restraint in design. The piece is veneered in rosewood and the flap supports are carved with Egyptian heads and wings a la Thomas Hope of 1820  the heads being fixtures. The legs still sweep elegantly out of the end standards but the feet make a vertical ’stop’ in the curve not seen in 864. c. 1800
The high leg of the Regency is seen clearly in this fine satinwood veneered piece which is cross-banded in rosewood. The classical motifs are inset in ebony and it is very good quality. Satinwood obviously helps the price, as does good grain arrangement. c. 1810
A satinwood veneered attempt which is somewhat less successful than the first two examples. The end standard is wider, making the feet look small. The veneer runs in fairly strong straight figures across the top and the legs in a way which conflicts with the striped ebony and boxwood stringing lines on all the surface edges.
The variations in end standards can be considerable. This form, the lyre, is seen on a mahogany table which is otherwise a fairly plain piece. The main alternative form of lyre is a reversal of the form shown here. With a brass strip, this, if genuine, helps the price considerably. There is an ominous line towards the right-hand side of the near flap. If this is indeed a patch, take 20% off the price. c. 1820
A plainer form of the previous example with simple reeded end standards terminating in carved paw feet. The sole decoration is the light coloured stringing line. c.1825
For convenience we have sub-divided vertically supported sofa tables into a). the earlier types, mostly without stretchers, shown on these pages, and b). those with stretchers, generally later or not always such good examples (see next section).
A fairly typical (if there is such a thing) Regency reeded leg support. The dramatic wedge-shaped end standards meet in a large circular centre section, with turned decoration, which looks like an oversize draught.
An example veneered and cross-banded with mahogany. There are lengths of plain gadrooning attached to the bottom of the frieze and around the leg supports; this and the rather aimlessly turned pillars would suggest a later date, while the solid legs with the inset line an earlier one. It has the same strange arch support as 867. c. 1830
Not a conventional sofa table but it relates to the next piece so well that, logically, it falls in here. This table is breathtaking: superbly light in appearance, the reeded, tapered cross-shaped supports are perfectly executed. Compare the reeding on the legs of 758. The use of gilt and ebonised decoration is restrained and the more effective, for one’s eye is drawn to the carved bandage by which the middle stretcher appears to be tied at the ends. It relates to a known type. c. 1800
A further crash down on the quality scale and yet still a good sofa table. The design is successful if a trifle thick on the moulded legs which terminate in attractive unusual castors.
The melons () which support the table are attractive as is the leaf carving beneath them. The top with reeded edges is in plain mahogany. c. 1830
Next come sofa tables with end standards and stretchers. These can be sub-divided, as can be seen below, into those with cross-stretchers and those with double pillars. One of those sections in which quality varies dramatically. Condition, too, is important. Patches on the top affect prices dramatically.
A finely figured mahogany example in which mid-Regency classical motifs are used lightly. It has good, small, inturned paw feet  a device which surprisingly enough works, and lion head handles. The cross-shaped curving supports, beautifully reeded with stretcher to match, shows Thomas Hope’s influence at its most felicitous. c. 1805
Double pillar rosewood, turned to give a slight bamboo effect. It is in rosewood with metal mounts both on the edge of the legs, between the pillars and on the fronts. The top is selected veneers cross-banded with satinwood and ebony stringing lines between them. c. 1810
A very pleasant spirally turned mahogany example. Brass inlay on the leg and a simple satinwood stringing line around the top and drawer fronts. Simple round edges to the table top. c. 1820
A faded mahogany table with ebony stringing line in the square classical form and banding used as the principal inlays to contrast with the satinwood edging to the table top. The stretcher has a restrained turning, while the pillars show later turning.
The heavy gadrooning on this plain mahogany table suggests a later than normal date. The turned stretcher is not very inspiring. c. 1830
A small mahogany sofa table of simple form. The maker was none too happy about getting the legs on to the pillar. They look what they are, two curves dowelled and stuck on to a rectangular piece of wood which in turn is built up like a Lego set into the top. Even the stringing line is a bit mean. c. 1830

Sofa table

Sofa tables belong to the last decade of the eighteenth century and the first two of the nineteenth, after which they became ‘occasional tables’ without a specific function. They were originally designed for writing or playing games while people sat on a sofa, and as such were usually at least 5 ft long, sometimes as much as 6 ft, and no more than 2 ft 6 in high and 22-24 in wide.
Bearing in mind their function, it is obvious that the extra flaps are extensions of length rather than width, since a flap on the sofa side of the table would make it very uncomfortable for anyone to sit at. In order to give as much legroom as possible, they were of cheval construction, with two end bearers, rather in the manner of the old X-frame trestle table, solidly made and correctly balanced so that they did not sway from side to side. In some, a central stretcher helped stability.
By c.1810, sofa tables were made on the central pillar-and-claw design, usually more ornate, and often with brass stringing inset as decoration on legs and plinth as  well as on drawers and surfaces.
Early sofa tables had fairly deep drawers on one full length and matching dummy drawer on each side. Often, drawers were fitted with compartments for games and writing materials. In the later period, c.1820, drawers became shallower as sofa tables began to lose their identity and became merely decorative.
Early versions were not very robust, being intended only for genteel use, and it is uncommon to find one without any repair or restoration.
Signs of authenticity
1. Thick, fine veneers on close-grained red pine or Honduras mahogany.
2. Drawers oak-lined, not pine.
3. Undersides of flap plain veneered – visible when not raised.
4. If with locks, steel levers to brass locks and lock casings –brass levers are post-1840.
5. Two fly brackets to each flap.
6. Three ‘knuckles’ or hinges to each bracket.
7. Underframe frieze inset to take width of closed brackets, allowing flaps to fall flush with cheval supports.
8. Sham drawers on either side to real drawers.
9. Grain running across width, not down length of table.
10. No escutcheons to locks (if fitted) but simple rim escutcheons with rounded bottoms. Squared bottoms to rim escutcheons are post-1840.
11. Cross-cut veneer to edge of tables.
12. Often, cast brass, turned, circular, flat knobs to drawers or lion’s masks with rings.
Likely restoration and repair
13. Cheval supports broken, replaced with central pillar support taken from damaged piece of same period.
14. Cheaper cheval supports taken from mass-produced sofa tables of same period, usually not as long, added to a high quality top. Marks of original bearers, screw-holes, chevals set in too close.
15. Made-up cheval supports from Victorian cheval mirrors. Holes where mirror pivoted, usually in square block in cheval, concealed by a rosette or other decoration, where it has been plugged and stained.
16. If both drawers are on the same side, indicates a recent addition.
17. Veneered in pinkish-coloured birch. Cheap Victorian substitute for satinwood, with wavy grain instead of straight or figured.
18. Grain running length of table suggests new top with suitable inlay made up from larger piece of period furniture.
Sofa tables were made with two different constructions: the cheval and the central pillar support. The cheval type had solid supports dividing into two splayed legs, and was made with or without stretchers. The central pillar-supports often incorporated a half-circle resting on a central plinth with up-curving flattened splayed legs, frequently terminating in lion’s paw feet or square box castors with horizontal fittings.
They were made in a wide variety of woods and veneers: rosewood, mahogany and ‘black’ walnut. There were two drawers, side by side in the width of the table, one sham the other real.
The correct proportions are quite large: 5-6 ft long with the flaps extended, 22-24 in wide and approximately 2 ft 6 in in height. The overall shape is definitely long, lean and sleek, with minimal overhang on either side. When the flaps are down they fall flush with the side supports. The legs splay out in a flattened curve so that they can be pulled close to the sofa, with the legs sliding a little way beneath.
Variations
Sofas were not part of the furnishings of smaller agricultural homes until the age of sprung furniture some time after c.1830. Country versions of the card table fulfilled the same function as a sofa table for writing and playing games. Contemporary, cheaper versions were made, in machine-cut woods, mass-produced with thin veneer and poor quality materials, usually shorter in length than high-quality versions.
Legs of chevals in provincial sofa tables tend to be heavy, or
Detail
Early sofa tables resemble writing furniture more than ornamental pieces, and share their smooth, plain surfaces rather than the more elaborate inlays which might lift and catch on soft fabrics of sleeves and cuffs. Simple decoration, such as cross-banded borders, continued on to the flaps, and some fine examples have fly brackets set at the edge of the frieze so that, when opened, the design carries on from the frieze to the ends of the brackets.
From c.1810 they are found in many veneers, including satinwood, light Cuban mahogany, laburnum, zebrawood, amboyna and rosewood. Between 1810 and 1820 brass inlay was very popular, and from c.1815 the fashionable design of the lyre was incorporated, and lyre-ended tables were made with brass rods to simulate harp strings.
machine-cut with decoration on outer ,surface of chevals only, strengthened with stretchers. Legs would often be chamfered to join the upright, then screwed, glued and clamped before being veneered over the joint to look as though they are correctly made.
The basic idea of a narrow all-purpose drawing table has been used in many variations since sofa tables were first designed by Thomas Sheraton and his contemporaries.
Reproductions
The period of the sofa table’s popularity comes within the age of mass-manufactured furniture. These tables were more often made in cheaper materials, and of meaner proportions for provincial homes, rather than as country pieces. After c.1850 many unattractive versions of long occasional tables were made all over the country, many of them with side-flaps rather than end flaps. Taller versions were used in libraries behind high-backed Victorian and Edwardian settees and sofas for trays of drinks, etc.
In the 1950s a proliferation of copies of the lyre-ended design flooded the market, but since they went out of fashion they have not been seen around in very large numbers.
Price bands
Top-quality Regency, without stretcher, mahogany,
£7,000 + .
Finely veneered satinwood, c.1810, £4,500 5,500.
Central support, fine quality, c.1810, £3,500-4,500.
Rosewood or walnut, fine quality, with stretcher, c.1830, 12,000 3,000.
Poorer quality veneered, £600-900.
Left: turned stretcher and cheval legs have probably been added. Centre: superb early Regency Thomas Hope design.
Below right: fine, early nineteenth-century, on central support with inlaid brass decoration.