A Queen Anne period dressing table - A George III mahogany dressing table - country dressing table in walnut and fruitwood

Towards the end of the seventeenth century the small tables in walnut and oak or country woods specifically designed as dressing tables made their appearance. Before that it seems to have been the practice to use a
small side table with perhaps a small desk with sloping lid or mirror on it.
Since they were designed to be decorative as well as functional, dressing-tables have produced some of the most sophisticated and pleasant pieces of their periods. Their natural appeal to women of a much later
period than those of that for which they were designed has always kept them to the forefront of demand.
Dressing tables of the walnut period exhibit all the most desirable features of walnut veneered furniture: quartered tops with herringbone crossbandings; cross-grained mouldings; turned legs with early forms and
stretchers or, later , cabriole legs with scrolls, and so on. As a microcosm of period features and because of their small size, they have become very sought after and hence very expensive.
The later eighteenth century dressing tables in mahogany and country woods make no less ideal collectors pieces and hence are also greatly in demand. So far Victorian examples have not followed the analogy of
chairs and dining tables perhaps because the Victorians tended towards larger dressing tables without the same appeal.
Value points: The followingvalue points apply to the examples illustrated.
1. Top Surface. As with other tables, the condition, patina and figuring of the top surface are important. The more perfect and decorative the appearance, the more the .. factor will apply.
2. Structural Condition. This is again assumed to be good.
3. Legs. Depending on the period, the design,and always the proportion,of the legs is an important factor. Legs are always liable to damage and their condition and originality constitute a  factor if good.
A Queen Anne period dressing table and mirror set of c.1710 which are japanned in a light background with flower decoration. The table shows the typical arch shaping of the frieze and there are two acorn pendants
on the centre arch. The octagonal legs taper down to turned shaping and bun feet. The X stretcher with its scroll shaping has a central circular pedestal for a bowl. Note that the table top has a thumb-nail edge
moulding and there is a half-round or ‘D’ moulding on the front around each drawer. The mirror is described in the Toilet Mirror section.
Small walnut William and Mary period dressing table, c.1690. The top would be veneered in walnut, quartered to give a symmetrical pattern from the figure, and with a’herringbone’ or ‘feather’ inlay around it, inside the
cross-banding. The thumb-nail moulding around the top edge and indeed the decoration of the top is similar to chests of drawers of the period. A half-round moulding around the drawers is also typical. In the frieze it is usual to find a shallow centre drawer and two deep ones on either side, or two short drawers. The arched shaping of the frieze is typical. Drawer pulls are of peardrop shape in brass and on a circular or star-shaped plate, the handle being linked to a double strip of brass or iron which was passed through a small hole in the drawer front, parted, pressed down and pinned into the wood. The inverted cup form on the legs, as mentioned earlier, shows the Dutch influence, and the bun feet and shaped veneered stretchers are also typical.
Value Points: Decoration of top  Proportion of legs
Queen Anne walnut dressing table, c.1710. Note that the turned legs of the William and Mary period have now changed to cabrioles although the shaping of the frieze remains similar. The top edge moulding, veneers and drawer arrangement are still in the earlier style.
Quality of carbriole legs  Original handles
Oak dressing table of c.1740. The square section cabriole legs are still of slender shape but not the most desirable form, particularly if heavy. The shaping of the frieze has become much more sophisticated. Note the top edge moulding.
Value Points: Walnut  Fruitwood
A George III mahogany dressing table with square legs chamfered at the back, c.1770. An unpretentious table whose origins are clear from previous illustrations and of a type increasingly popular. The top edge still retains a moulding derived from the thumb-nail but now more sophisticated with an ogee curve.
Walnut dressing table, c.1720. The rather deep full top drawer gives a slightly top-heavy effect since the cabriole legs are rather slender. The top edge moulding is a refined thumb-nail type. The top veneer is quartered and cross-banded-, the drawers are edged with cock-beading and have a feather or herringbone cross banding. The handles are not original. A poor photograph which makes the piece out of proportion.
A later Georgian c.1780, country dressing table in oak. The frieze is shaped, but the slightly tapered legs hint at Hepplewhite influence. The drawers are cock-beaded and the top edge has a rather refined moulding.
Tapering legs tend to be a later feature.
George I period dressing table in fruitwood, c.1725. The arched shaping of the frieze is similar to that of earlier periods, with the projecting lip moulding or cock-bead around it. The heavy thumb-nail top edge moulding of the earlier period is now more refined. The tapering legs ending in pad feet are simpler than the cabriole but retain an elegance and proportion of design in a particularly English leg form. The handles are not original.
Later Georgian, c.1770, country dressing table in walnut and fruitwood. The three drawers in the frieze are cross-banded in fruitwood like the top, which is veneered in plain straight grained walnut. The legs are elm.
A satinwood dressing table of Sheraton period, c.1795, with mirror which folds flat to lie under the folding top. Similar designs for shaving tables and lady’s cabinet dressing tables of involved character are to be found, but this is one of the more popular designs of the period.
Value Points: Satinwood ….
Original Mirror
A mahogany dressing table of c.1820, with replacement handles. The square tapering legs and rectangularity of design reflect a Sheraton influence. The black stringing lines around the top and the drawers and frieze
are often identified with this period. Useful also as occasional writing tables, these pieces are understandably popular, as well as having a simplicity of design which allows them to blend easily with modern decor.

TABLES  sofa, vertical supports and stretchers
The sofa table is a variation which was evolved from the Pembroke table and gets its name from its intended application, namely, to stand against a sofa. It is therefore long and thin with flaps at the end, whereas the Pembroke is squarer in shape, and so popular did it become that it gradually superseded the Pembroke. Although considered a typical piece of Regency furniture, the sofa table did in fact become popular at the end of the eighteenth century.
There are two distinct types, first those supported each end by a vertical member  or end standard as it is called  in a variety of forms and secondly, those with a central pillared support standing on a flat base which in turn rests on feet. The pillared support can of course vary considerably.
A high quality mahogany table, with satinwood cross-banding and satinwood veneered legs and cross-stretchers. The legs sweep out naturally from the end standards. There are false drawer fronts on the far side. The piece shows the late-Georgian restraint one associates with pre-Regency designs.
c. 1790The early Regency has set in, but with equivalent quality and restraint in design. The piece is veneered in rosewood and the flap supports are carved with Egyptian heads and wings a la Thomas Hope of 1820  the heads being fixtures. The legs still sweep elegantly out of the end standards but the feet make a vertical ’stop’ in the curve not seen in 864. c. 1800
The high leg of the Regency is seen clearly in this fine satinwood veneered piece which is cross-banded in rosewood. The classical motifs are inset in ebony and it is very good quality. Satinwood obviously helps the price, as does good grain arrangement. c. 1810
A satinwood veneered attempt which is somewhat less successful than the first two examples. The end standard is wider, making the feet look small. The veneer runs in fairly strong straight figures across the top and the legs in a way which conflicts with the striped ebony and boxwood stringing lines on all the surface edges.
The variations in end standards can be considerable. This form, the lyre, is seen on a mahogany table which is otherwise a fairly plain piece. The main alternative form of lyre is a reversal of the form shown here. With a brass strip, this, if genuine, helps the price considerably. There is an ominous line towards the right-hand side of the near flap. If this is indeed a patch, take 20% off the price. c. 1820
A plainer form of the previous example with simple reeded end standards terminating in carved paw feet. The sole decoration is the light coloured stringing line. c.1825
For convenience we have sub-divided vertically supported sofa tables into a). the earlier types, mostly without stretchers, shown on these pages, and b). those with stretchers, generally later or not always such good examples (see next section).
A fairly typical (if there is such a thing) Regency reeded leg support. The dramatic wedge-shaped end standards meet in a large circular centre section, with turned decoration, which looks like an oversize draught.
An example veneered and cross-banded with mahogany. There are lengths of plain gadrooning attached to the bottom of the frieze and around the leg supports; this and the rather aimlessly turned pillars would suggest a later date, while the solid legs with the inset line an earlier one. It has the same strange arch support as 867. c. 1830
Not a conventional sofa table but it relates to the next piece so well that, logically, it falls in here. This table is breathtaking: superbly light in appearance, the reeded, tapered cross-shaped supports are perfectly executed. Compare the reeding on the legs of 758. The use of gilt and ebonised decoration is restrained and the more effective, for one’s eye is drawn to the carved bandage by which the middle stretcher appears to be tied at the ends. It relates to a known type. c. 1800
A further crash down on the quality scale and yet still a good sofa table. The design is successful if a trifle thick on the moulded legs which terminate in attractive unusual castors.
The melons () which support the table are attractive as is the leaf carving beneath them. The top with reeded edges is in plain mahogany. c. 1830
Next come sofa tables with end standards and stretchers. These can be sub-divided, as can be seen below, into those with cross-stretchers and those with double pillars. One of those sections in which quality varies dramatically. Condition, too, is important. Patches on the top affect prices dramatically.
A finely figured mahogany example in which mid-Regency classical motifs are used lightly. It has good, small, inturned paw feet  a device which surprisingly enough works, and lion head handles. The cross-shaped curving supports, beautifully reeded with stretcher to match, shows Thomas Hope’s influence at its most felicitous. c. 1805
Double pillar rosewood, turned to give a slight bamboo effect. It is in rosewood with metal mounts both on the edge of the legs, between the pillars and on the fronts. The top is selected veneers cross-banded with satinwood and ebony stringing lines between them. c. 1810
A very pleasant spirally turned mahogany example. Brass inlay on the leg and a simple satinwood stringing line around the top and drawer fronts. Simple round edges to the table top. c. 1820
A faded mahogany table with ebony stringing line in the square classical form and banding used as the principal inlays to contrast with the satinwood edging to the table top. The stretcher has a restrained turning, while the pillars show later turning.
The heavy gadrooning on this plain mahogany table suggests a later than normal date. The turned stretcher is not very inspiring. c. 1830
A small mahogany sofa table of simple form. The maker was none too happy about getting the legs on to the pillar. They look what they are, two curves dowelled and stuck on to a rectangular piece of wood which in turn is built up like a Lego set into the top. Even the stringing line is a bit mean. c. 1830

TABLES  writing and library
A round or multi-sided library table, with a number of drawers, supported on a central base, normally a pillar, is referred to in the antique trade as a ‘rent’ or `drum top’ table. By tradition they were used to keep account of rents paid and due, for some tables have initials on the drawer fronts. In some cases false drawers alternate with genuine ones, while others have false books or spaces for real books. They first appear at the end of the eighteenth century and command high prices.
An extremely fine rent table with a central well shown open. A plain cannon turning and three well-shaped legs with decorative carving down the centre. The feet have a turned over scroll effect. c. 1790
A superb example almost identical with one illustrated by Sheraton. Extremely elegant on four ormolu paws. The applied moulding to the doors is typically neoclassical.
By comparison with the previous example, not so successful for it is let down by the ‘unrelieved square plinth. It has, however, inlaid initials on each drawer. It is veneered in good quality mahogany on a square stand with door. The only additional decorative treatment is a white stringing line.
c. 1800
A typical late Georgian round library table with blank spaces instead of false drawers. The four reeded legs show a well-balanced curve.
A slightly later example, though the similarities with the previous example are strong. The same flat moulding and tooled leather top. The higher knee provides the clue to the date. c. 1790
Another bad attack of Regency knee with the applied turned pieces on either side. The legs are no longer reeded and the general effect lacks elegance. However, the piece is in rosewood which does help the price though the cracks across the top, if indeed that is what they are, would depress it. c. 1825
Almost an occasional table because it is small but the drawers suggest it should go into this section. The price is less because of its size but this is no reflection on its excellent quality. c. 1790

TABLES  night, and chamber pot holders
A Georgian mahogany night table of serpentine front with a good shaped tray top with hand holes for carrying. 1750-1770
A mahogany antique night table with matched figured veneers. Very typical of the type which have split front legs to give support when the lower half is pulled forward for use. 1760-1780
In the second half of the eighteenth century the night table was of quite sophisticated design and was included in Chippendale, Ince and Mayhew, and Sheraton’s repertoire. Variously disguised as a small chest of drawers or in a more distinct tray-top form, these pieces display considerable ingenuity of craftsmanship. Later on the chest form was still used though the more obvious pot holder also made its appearance. As they are now technically obsolete, they have been adapted to a variety of modern uses according to the shape  drink cupboards, and hi-fi units for instance. If this has been done intelligently and the visible surfaces (when closed) have not been damaged, the value is enhanced rather than diminished  an almost unique situation in the antique furniture world.
A good quality mahogany night table with tambour shutter which slides horizontally across the front, and tray top with handles fretted into the rim. The tambour shutter, when opened, slides round the inside edge of the cupboard space. The pot holding drawer front has been simulated to look like two cock-beaded and veneered drawers. Often these have been fitted with linings and made to work. 1780-1800
A simple night table with fretted handles, cupboard and crossed flat stretcher with rimmed pot platform. A good construction. 1760
A step ladder type pot holder of Sheraton design in mahogany with ebony inlaid stringing lines. Adapts well to mini cellar. 1810-1830

TABLES  dining, Georgian and Regency single pedestal
Fashion at the end of the eighteenth century moved away from the long table, with its implications of seniority, towards the round table where such distinctions were less marked.
In addition the use of a separate small comfortable room (the breakfast room) for family meals or intimate dinner parties, led to a requirement for a six/eight seater.
Here, and on the following pages, we show two types of tables. Firstly, the simple central pillar table with four legs discussed here. Secondly, the newly introduced pedestal table with a platform which in turn divides into two. Firstly, those with a central column  the standard Regency type which continues with the platform near the ground. Thousands were made and these appear in the next section. Secondly, the multiple legs which came into favour in the 1850s and, as small loo tables, were prolific from that date until almost the end of the century, and are discussed in the section on Victorian pedestal tables.
A fine quality elegant mahogany table with a broad band of satinwood near the edge. The turned centre column support with its small rounded section is supported on four elegant curved legs. which have ebony stringing lines on top and sides to emphasise their clean lines. c. 1800
A simpler circular mahogany table with reeded edges to the table and moulded edges to the legs which are becoming higher, and the first hint of `Regency knee’.
A high quality rectangular rosewood breakfast table cross-banded in amboyna with curious half rounds to the corners (compare the shape of the Sheraton chest No. 377). The legs are superb: the high stepping, ‘Regency knee’ is there but the design makes it a virtue not a disease. White edges to the legs serve to highlight the superb effect. c. 1810
The same basic design but the pillar has been shaped and more brass applied in what seems an attempt at a more showy quality. Not entirely successful.
A circular table in mahogany with a broad crossbanding of contrasting wood and a black stringing line to emphasise it. The legs (which are inlaid with a black line which fades out towards the foot) show advanced ‘Regency knee’. c. 1830
A terminal case of ‘Regency knee’. Heavy reeding and circular decoration serve to make it the highlight of an otherwise simple, if slightly heavy, but very useful mahogany breakfast table.
The platform design is seen here in Georgian form. The legs have a moulded edge and the high knee referred to earlier and the four supports are plainly turned. (Look at the large space between the legs, on the empty platform. The Victorians would have to put a large finial in the middle!) The top is cross-banded, the platform has stringing lines. It is all very restrained. c. 1800
Platform and pedestal combine to form a peculiarly Regency type table. Brass inlay on the top, platform and pedestal combine well with the rosewood veneer. More showy but still not obsessively decorative.
A rosewood table in which the decoration is centred on the curved petal formation of the base. The stem is thickening and the ‘hairy feet’ persist. c. 1835.
Because rosewood $1,400
More great ‘hairy feet’ and a complicated parquetry top, but the octagonal stem has only a disappointing series of half round decoration. Interesting to note that in 1881 C. & R
Light were still offering this basic type. c. 1825
The simple carved buns and the plain platform are not exciting. However, the carved decoration to the round base and the high quality top with clever use of heartwood and sapwood rosewood makes it a good table.
The use of maplewood and contrasting ebonised moulding and feet, together with faceted sides to the three pillar stem, lift this form from being a very simple table. See next example. c. 1830
It would be interesting to know just how many of these simple tables were made, probably thousands. This is the cheapest type with round flat buns and no ornamentation. Next in the range would be the carved buns, more expensive would be scrolls and on up to hairy feet. This is mahogany; rosewood would be a little extra. Good value as a first dining table for a new family.

TABLES - dining, mahogany gateleg, Chippendale and after
When one considers the revolution in design of chairs associated with the name of Chippendale, it is amazing that he never mentioned dining tables in his trade catalogues. His firm made gatelegs with D-ends among other complicated tables discussed in the next section but, perhaps justifiably, his name must be linked with the low point of eighteenth century dining table design.
A small rectangular mahogany table with standard pad feet. A more modest example of the product in mahogany. Made well into the Chippendale period and so included here.
Shows a good quality example of a large double-gateleg mahogany table with moulded square section legs. Although somewhat severe by earlier standards, it is still a fine piece of dark Cuban wood. Colour very important. c. 1765
What is known as a ‘wakes’ table due to its long thin shape on which, by legend, the coffin was rested before the funeral service and on which, after the interment, the festivities took place. As our social customs no longer work in this manner, it is perhaps odd that they are hugely reproduced and faked. This example shows the figure in the rich dark wood. c. 1770
A much simpler, straightforward George III square-leg rectangular table. It looks very similar to the centregateleg table in the gateleg and two D-ends combination, see next section. It is interesting that this design, with the ends just slightly rounded, was still available from W. Smee & Sons in 1850.
A faithful country copy in burr elm which, as can be seen in 750, can, with good patination, be almost as fine as any wood. Small, so not expensive.
There were, however, some interesting country tables which can be very attractive and two variations are shown below.
Four seater as shown $600-850 However, if eight seater and glorious colour $3,000 4,000
A small square single flap dining table in solid burr elm with very fine patination and superb grain. Top quality veneers were cut from such wood. c. 1765
Slightly out of the mainstream, a corner or, in American, handkerchief table which opens up to form a square. They are rather unbalanced if the wood is heavy because of the weight of the front flap and, perhaps because of this, are not popular unless a lot smaller than this one.
A small George III mahogany spider-leg table, suitable for less important meals like breakfast. They can be extremely elegant and because of this were reproduced extensively in Edwardian times and some can now look convincingly old.

TABLES  folding card, 1720-1750
On the previous page we show how, from early sacred examples, tables could be adapted for profane purposes. The move from turned or turned and faceted leg to a cabriole form followed quite simply the general furniture pattern (see Chairs). The fold-over as opposed to hanging flap type was ideal for the card-cum-side table. While the gateleg method of support was still used a new method was also evolved. ‘Concertina action’ as it has come to be known, enabled the two back legs to be folded out and stand square,
giving a more stable and attractive appearance to the table which in this position could be used as a centre table and looked the same from every angle. A photograph of this mechanism half extended is seen in 708.
The pad foot coexisted with the cabriole leg but seems in general to have been used for the more humble pieces. However, as can be seen, some very attractive early pad foot examples exist.
Another variation which one meets is the three-top table in which there is merely an additional flap to provide an alternative top. This is sometimes inset with contrasting woods to provide a games top, e.g. a chess board. The value of these pieces is greater than their two-top equivalent by about fifteen to twenty per cent. They are found mainly from the second quarter of the eighteenth century.
The fold-over action requires hinges to be placed on the side. This is a perfectly sound method, but abuse over the years can lead to ugly or ineffective repairs having been made which will, of course, reduce value.
A mahogany example with a baize top surface highlighting the corner candlestands and the inset scoops. This table also has cabriole legs ending in ball-and-claw feet, but the knee is carved with leaf and scroll forms. The flap is supported by a leg which pivots on a gate. c. 1735
Shows a fine quality walnut example, the cabriole legs having shell decoration carved on the knee and being hipped’ at the top to flow into the veneered frieze surface in
the same way as the chairs of this quality of that period. The legs end in ball-and-claw feet. The only features of quality lacking in this table are, on the top playing surface, the candlestands and scoops for gaming counters which can be seen in the next example. c.1720
Not all the early desirable pieces have cabriole legs. This delightful little pad foot table is veneered in red walnut with a fifth leg to give stability when the table is open. The decoration includes the typical early protrusions on the lower rail and the spur at the top of the legs.
A more simple gateleg type with pad feet and fold-over top. It still, however, retains the spurs at the top of the legs. Although they are straight, the legs are canted out very slightly and give an impression of foursquareness lacking in later pieces. c. 1740
In this example the decoration is confined to ball-and claw feet and shaped apron to the frieze which is constructed as a drawer. It has, however, the desirable feature of concertina action. Fitted with candlestands and inset scoops.
A simpler but good quality table with legs ending in pad feet. The cabriole form is used only on the front legs, while the back ones are straight. In this table the top, when folded open, is supported by one of the back legs swinging open on a gate, as is also the case in 701.
A George II folding top table in heavy mahogany. The straight legs ending in pad feet are a modification of earlier cabriole legs in that the earlier exuberance has been curbed and the leg is now much more restrained. These tables were probably multipurpose, being used for both games and for refreshments such as tea.

Sofa table

Sofa tables belong to the last decade of the eighteenth century and the first two of the nineteenth, after which they became ‘occasional tables’ without a specific function. They were originally designed for writing or playing games while people sat on a sofa, and as such were usually at least 5 ft long, sometimes as much as 6 ft, and no more than 2 ft 6 in high and 22-24 in wide.
Bearing in mind their function, it is obvious that the extra flaps are extensions of length rather than width, since a flap on the sofa side of the table would make it very uncomfortable for anyone to sit at. In order to give as much legroom as possible, they were of cheval construction, with two end bearers, rather in the manner of the old X-frame trestle table, solidly made and correctly balanced so that they did not sway from side to side. In some, a central stretcher helped stability.
By c.1810, sofa tables were made on the central pillar-and-claw design, usually more ornate, and often with brass stringing inset as decoration on legs and plinth as  well as on drawers and surfaces.
Early sofa tables had fairly deep drawers on one full length and matching dummy drawer on each side. Often, drawers were fitted with compartments for games and writing materials. In the later period, c.1820, drawers became shallower as sofa tables began to lose their identity and became merely decorative.
Early versions were not very robust, being intended only for genteel use, and it is uncommon to find one without any repair or restoration.
Signs of authenticity
1. Thick, fine veneers on close-grained red pine or Honduras mahogany.
2. Drawers oak-lined, not pine.
3. Undersides of flap plain veneered – visible when not raised.
4. If with locks, steel levers to brass locks and lock casings –brass levers are post-1840.
5. Two fly brackets to each flap.
6. Three ‘knuckles’ or hinges to each bracket.
7. Underframe frieze inset to take width of closed brackets, allowing flaps to fall flush with cheval supports.
8. Sham drawers on either side to real drawers.
9. Grain running across width, not down length of table.
10. No escutcheons to locks (if fitted) but simple rim escutcheons with rounded bottoms. Squared bottoms to rim escutcheons are post-1840.
11. Cross-cut veneer to edge of tables.
12. Often, cast brass, turned, circular, flat knobs to drawers or lion’s masks with rings.
Likely restoration and repair
13. Cheval supports broken, replaced with central pillar support taken from damaged piece of same period.
14. Cheaper cheval supports taken from mass-produced sofa tables of same period, usually not as long, added to a high quality top. Marks of original bearers, screw-holes, chevals set in too close.
15. Made-up cheval supports from Victorian cheval mirrors. Holes where mirror pivoted, usually in square block in cheval, concealed by a rosette or other decoration, where it has been plugged and stained.
16. If both drawers are on the same side, indicates a recent addition.
17. Veneered in pinkish-coloured birch. Cheap Victorian substitute for satinwood, with wavy grain instead of straight or figured.
18. Grain running length of table suggests new top with suitable inlay made up from larger piece of period furniture.
Sofa tables were made with two different constructions: the cheval and the central pillar support. The cheval type had solid supports dividing into two splayed legs, and was made with or without stretchers. The central pillar-supports often incorporated a half-circle resting on a central plinth with up-curving flattened splayed legs, frequently terminating in lion’s paw feet or square box castors with horizontal fittings.
They were made in a wide variety of woods and veneers: rosewood, mahogany and ‘black’ walnut. There were two drawers, side by side in the width of the table, one sham the other real.
The correct proportions are quite large: 5-6 ft long with the flaps extended, 22-24 in wide and approximately 2 ft 6 in in height. The overall shape is definitely long, lean and sleek, with minimal overhang on either side. When the flaps are down they fall flush with the side supports. The legs splay out in a flattened curve so that they can be pulled close to the sofa, with the legs sliding a little way beneath.
Variations
Sofas were not part of the furnishings of smaller agricultural homes until the age of sprung furniture some time after c.1830. Country versions of the card table fulfilled the same function as a sofa table for writing and playing games. Contemporary, cheaper versions were made, in machine-cut woods, mass-produced with thin veneer and poor quality materials, usually shorter in length than high-quality versions.
Legs of chevals in provincial sofa tables tend to be heavy, or
Detail
Early sofa tables resemble writing furniture more than ornamental pieces, and share their smooth, plain surfaces rather than the more elaborate inlays which might lift and catch on soft fabrics of sleeves and cuffs. Simple decoration, such as cross-banded borders, continued on to the flaps, and some fine examples have fly brackets set at the edge of the frieze so that, when opened, the design carries on from the frieze to the ends of the brackets.
From c.1810 they are found in many veneers, including satinwood, light Cuban mahogany, laburnum, zebrawood, amboyna and rosewood. Between 1810 and 1820 brass inlay was very popular, and from c.1815 the fashionable design of the lyre was incorporated, and lyre-ended tables were made with brass rods to simulate harp strings.
machine-cut with decoration on outer ,surface of chevals only, strengthened with stretchers. Legs would often be chamfered to join the upright, then screwed, glued and clamped before being veneered over the joint to look as though they are correctly made.
The basic idea of a narrow all-purpose drawing table has been used in many variations since sofa tables were first designed by Thomas Sheraton and his contemporaries.
Reproductions
The period of the sofa table’s popularity comes within the age of mass-manufactured furniture. These tables were more often made in cheaper materials, and of meaner proportions for provincial homes, rather than as country pieces. After c.1850 many unattractive versions of long occasional tables were made all over the country, many of them with side-flaps rather than end flaps. Taller versions were used in libraries behind high-backed Victorian and Edwardian settees and sofas for trays of drinks, etc.
In the 1950s a proliferation of copies of the lyre-ended design flooded the market, but since they went out of fashion they have not been seen around in very large numbers.
Price bands
Top-quality Regency, without stretcher, mahogany,
£7,000 + .
Finely veneered satinwood, c.1810, £4,500 5,500.
Central support, fine quality, c.1810, £3,500-4,500.
Rosewood or walnut, fine quality, with stretcher, c.1830, 12,000 3,000.
Poorer quality veneered, £600-900.
Left: turned stretcher and cheval legs have probably been added. Centre: superb early Regency Thomas Hope design.
Below right: fine, early nineteenth-century, on central support with inlaid brass decoration.

Tripod table

1. Made of heavy, dense mahogany.
2. Carving, dishing, piecrust or scalloping integral with table top, standing proud of the surface.
3. Grain of stem running from top to bottom without a break.
4. Proportions correct: when tilt top is vertical the sweep of the curve should not cut into the baluster, carving or decoration, or leave too much showing.
5. Measurements of top should not be precisely circular - timber shrinks along the grain and circle will be slightly flattened.
6. Never veneered - always in the same solid wood, for the top, stem and feet.
Likely restoration and repair
7. Metal brackets pinning underside of tripod or knees where wood has split and been repaired.
8. Wrong proportions - tops too large or small. The eye can judge better when the top is vertical not horizontal.
9. Line of joined timber at collar at base of stem: block added, into which legs have been fitted.
10. Dishing on top surface without corresponding tapering of outer edge of undersurface suggests later copy or dished out from undecorated table.
11. Grain not running in unbroken line up the shaft indicates stem from another piece of furniture with
additional piece to give extra height.
12. Tripods of dumb waiters, fire-screens, torcheres, teapot’s, suitable posts from four-poster beds, inverted legs of dining tables - all these give an idea of suitable beginnings and replacements for stems and tripods. Many period trays are used for tops.
13. bullish, reddish-coloured walnut, not mahogany -nineteenth-century copy.
14. Lighter-weight mahogany, shallow carving - also nineteenth-century copy.
Historical background
The antecedent of this small table is the candlestand of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, standing on three splayed feet. Small tables on central stems and three scrolled feet were made in ‘black’ Virginia walnut from the late seventeenth century onwards, and in the first two decades of the eighteenth century. But the tripod table did not really come into its own until mahogany had become readily available. Its construction demanded a strong, close-grained timber which would not easily split, and which could be cut in a single piece for the table top.
Of all tripod tables the piecrust’ is the best known and has been ceaselessly copied in a recognizable, although emasculated form. Genuine piecrust’ tripod tables are far more massive: the tripod legs are a version of the cabriole leg, with acanthus, scallop or lions mask carving on the knee, which has a pronounced spring. The stem is carved with foliage or cupped leaves around the bulb of the base which rises in a slender, fluted stem. The piecrust’ itself is carved from the solid timber, and the thickness reduced to a minimum beneath the carving so that in outline the top itself is slightly dished.
Construction and materials
These are important little tables in terms of construction, so apparently simple that a great deal of detail must be absorbed to be sure that the piece in question really is genuine.
The base is made in four pieces: the central stem, cut from a single piece of wood, and three separate legs, secured to the base of the stem with a wedge dovetail, the tops of the joints concealed by the swell of the bulb, or by a circular ring-turned boss below the collar of the baluster.
The top is cut in a single piece with the grain running across it from side to side, and the carving of the rim is integral with the original thickness of the top. On the underside of the rim the wood is tapered so that from the side the shape is slightly dished. The tilt-top construction consists of two parallel cross bearers attached to the underside of the table top, which fit on either side of a small square block mounted on top of the stem, with a pivot running through it into the cross bearers on either
side. The top is secured by a brass spring catch to hold it firmly in place when horizontal. On very early, rare tripod tables, the tops were fixed to the stems with a central threaded wooden collar secured to the underside of the top into which the stem was screwed. Revolving tilt tops were mounted on a ‘bird cage’ gallery, rare to find intact. The top of the stem was enclosed in an open box with wooden columns to all four sides, which revolved, and which fitted neatly into the two parallel cross bearers mounted on the underside of the table, and locked into position.
Detail
Plain-topped or dished tops were mounted on plain baluster stems, sometimes with spiral decoration, with pad feet, or scrolled feet on flat ’shoes’ to give stability. The knees of the legs should be high to give the tripod base a good grip. From c.1780 the legs are flattened into soft S-curves, more spread-eagled and sprawling.
Variations
Period country versions were made in fruitwood, yew wood and in mixed woods with oak tops. The construction of the base demanded a close-grained wood which would not split on the dovetail joints of stem and feet, and oak was not suitable.
Sometimes walnut was used, but rarely.
If fruitwood and yew wood were used the tops were often of more than one piece owing to the lack of girth of the trees. Simple column turning and baluster turning to stems were characteristic as are plain pad feet on a small rectangular ’shoe’. Rims were undecorated, with no carving on knees of tripod legs. Tops were larger than mahogany versions -tilt tops were used for more practical purposes in the country and small tops were less useful.
Right: mahogany syllabub or supper table, a Chippendale design which was revived in the nineteenth century.
Right: nineteenth-century reproduction with typical sprawling cabriole legs and weak ball-and-claw feet.
Reproductions
Nineteenth century
Although the tripod is often called ‘pillar-and-claw’ this is a variation, with flattened curve and flowing unbroken line from tripod base to stem, and denotes a characteristic Regency design of the ‘Sheraton’ peri
legs were often reed later, curved above the central boss of the stem. Inlaid brass decoration and stringing exaggerated the form of these upward-curving legs, which were joined to a square plinth base from which the stem rose. The tops of these tables were often square or octagonal.
The monopodium pedestal also traces its origins from the tripod base and characterizes a wide variety of Victorian tilt-top tables, usually larger than the eighteenth century tripod table. It is to be hoped that the foregoing points of construction, authenticity, restoration and faking will guide the buyer quickly away from any of the countless reproduction ‘piecrust’ tables to be found in any department store or general furnishing store. Apart from anything else, the lightest push will tip them over.
Price bands
Eighteenth-century piecrust, £2,500-3,500.
Eighteenth century, with bird cage, £3,000-4,000.
Chippendale-style supper table, £500-850.
Nineteenth-century reproductions, £.200–350.

Library table

In its most general meaning, a library table is simply a table used for writing or reading in the library of a grand house. The term covers a wide variety of tables, from the slender eighteenth century writing table derived from the French bureau plat, to the solid drum-shaped tables which were smaller versions of the rent tables used in the offices of large estates. All were leather-topped, all had drawers in the frieze to hold writing materials and were 2 ft 6 in to 2 ft 8 in high.
For immediate identification only the derivations of the French bureau plat will be considered in detail: a writing table with a leather-covered surface and three drawers in the frieze. French bureaux plats are similar to the English lowboy, having two deeper drawers on either side of a shallower drawer, but the `kneehole’ is less pronounced and they are much longer. English library tables have a straight frieze, are free-standing
and have drawers on both sides, often three to one side and two to the other. Often there is a pull-out writing slide which can be lifted to make an easel over the centre drawer. Sometimes the whole central leather-covered panel lifts to rest on easel struts as a bookrest or `architect’s table’. Regency libraries were equipped with library tables and, from that period onwards, designs of all sorts were made. The Regency archetype is the design described below.
Signs of authenticity
1. Solid, close-grained dense woods with good figuring.
2. Tops of legs continue to form end pieces of drawer frieze, set proud, rounded or square.
3. Minimal lip above frieze, usually less than 1 in.
4. Legs terminating in simple peg foot below a turned collar.
5. Drawers lined with oak.
6. Underside well patinated where knees have rubbed.
7. Underside of drawers enclosed with pine or mahogany with strengtheners and corner pieces.
8. Good patination on inside front of drawer and drawer sides where they have been handled.
9. Lock escutcheons set centrally above handles on single-handled drawers.
10. Lock and lock rail.
11. Drawers are usually same width.
Likely restoration and repair
12. New leather inset panel.
13. New top with panel planed out of damaged solid surface and inset leather panel added. Grain will continue through in one direction.
14. Legs broken at frieze level: break in grain on point of join, often concealed by ring turning.
15. Top section of small pedestal desk mounted on legs. Grain of
all legs will stop short at frieze level, underside of drawers with new wood, or patched and stained where tops of pedestal were originally.
16. Library table tops reset on cheval supports – could have been altered during Victorian period, but more likely to be a recent event.
17. Cut down from more massive Victorian piece: drawers of equal width where centre drawer has been reduced. Tell-tale crack on underside of small overhang beneath veneered top edging where width and length have been reduced.
Construction and materials
Library tables were made in solid mahogany, or mahogany veneer on a mahogany carcase, and in rosewood or Brazil wood (closely resembling mahogany but of a redder, more chestnut colour). Library tables are distinctive and differ from all other tables. The legs were set out from the frieze, giving unusual lobed corners. The same is true of the French bureau plat where the legs are usually squared and set slightly proud of the frieze. The English favoured a smoother line, with rounded corners, undecorated except for a thin line of double stringing, framing and emphasizing the curve.
Detail
Drawers were oak lined, outlined in double stringing, often with squared handles on cast brass bolt heads with rosettes, octagonal or circular small backplates on either side of the handle. Legs were always elegantly turned and reeded or fluted, terminating in plain peg feet. The table edges were never carved or decorated, and there is almost no lip or overhang above the frieze drawers. Usually the edge of the table was decorated with two single thick reeds, continuing round the lobed corners. The drawers were usually edged with thin cockbeading or half-round beading, and the leather writing surface is inset and edged with cross-cut veneer.
Variations
Most common are circular rent tables used in the offices of large estates, with small drawers in the circumference of the frieze. Plain oak or oak-and-elm tables of solid construction often had drawers set in the ends as opposed to along the length and square chamfered legs. Country versions should be wider than a side table and may have plain square stretchers for extra stability.
Below: a late Regency design, probably provincial.
Above: drum or rent table.
Reproductions
Victorian
Variations are legion: octagonal leather-topped tables set on pedestals with drawers; drum tables set on central pedestals with bow-fronted drawers set fairly far apart (usually four on a small drum table, and not tapering in shape towards the centre); leather-topped tables on almost Davenport-type pedestals with two flaps, one on either side. Also popular were ,architect’s tables’ with tops lifting on easel supports. Victorian versions of the bureau plat had ornate, over-curvaceous serpentine lines, often with mass-produced mock-ormolu embellishments. ‘Gothic’ Victorian library tables with pillared legs on square plinth feet had carved edges to tops and applied or shallow machine-cut decoration on side friezes.
Twentieth century
Edwardian library tables were well-made and often quite well-proportioned but of mahogany veneer which was darker than earlier veneer. They often have a bigger overhang and lip moulding, and the grain of the veneer running vertical and not horizontal on frieze and drawer fronts, which can cause wrinkling, chipping or splitting.
From the turn of the century, there was a plethora of mass-produced reading/writing tables for public libraries, hotel
reading rooms and public institutions. Many library tables have been made up’ from other pieces of furniture, so it is particularly important to
examine similar-shaped pieces and styles with great care, and to scrutinize materials, detail and construction of the piece under consideration.
Price bands
Fine quality, c.1790, £3,000-4,000.
Later versions with less detail, £1,500-2,000.
Drum or rent table, c.1790, £900-1,200.